“Erin Brockovich”: Effective Communication Essay

Competent Erin Brockovich’s Characteristics The main character in the movie Erin Brockovich is an easy going woman who seems tobe very competent in communication. This paper will discuss three characteristics that a competent communicator, such as Erin Brockovich possesses. I will also explain specific scenes where she demonstrated the following characteristics: self-monitoring, empathy, and commitment; commonly known as denominators that characterize effective communication. The first characteristic Erin displayed was empathy in relationships with her clients. In one scene, Erin met with a cancer suffering child and her family. A young girl named Anna, was suffering from alopecia and wearing a bandana. She had lost her hair from the cancer treatments she had received. Erin’s eyes reflected painful sadness even as she smiled and laughed with Anna. At the end of their conversation, Erin’s genuine concern for Anna left her speechless. Erin’s attitude displayed empathy, which involves feeling and experiencing another person’s situation almost as they do. It is the most important aspect of non-verbal communication competence. The second characteristic Erin showed was her intense commitment for the people ofHinkley. This characteristic was revealed during the scene placed at the Jensen’s residence. Erin sat on the end of the bed with Donna Jensen, the woman that was suffering from uterine cancer. Erin’s eyes filled with tears as Donna tells Erin that her cancer turned malignant, which is the fast spreading form of cancer. Donna’s eyes began to pour due to her fear and hatred she felt toward PG&E. Donna said, â€Å"We are going to get them aren’t we?† Erin replied, â€Å"Yes.† Erin’s willingness to listen and the desire to spend time with her proved her commitment to her. The third characteristic Erin portrays is self-monitoring. This was shown at Ed Masry’slaw office. Erin stood face to face with Ed. In a demanding tone of voice she said, â€Å"I need apaycheck!† Erin’s face turned a shade of red in anger. Her eyes began narrowing as she stared inhis eyes. Erin said, â€Å"I’m smart, hardworking, and I’m not leaving here without a job!† She waspersistent and determined to get the job. Erin’s eyes looked around the room only to notice theskepticism of Ed’s employees. Erin’s shoulders began  to droop and her guilty eyes driftedtowards the floor. She became aware of her behavior and the impression she had given. Sheknew she made a fool of herself. In a whisper Erin said, â€Å"Don’t make me beg.† She then said, â€Å"Ifit doesn’t work out, fire me.† Erin was able to change her behavior when she recognized thingswasn’t looking positive. Erin’s overall communication efforts displayed in her character was unique as well as knowledgeable. Self-monitoring, empathy, and commitment that were explained in this paper were shown with distinction. The communication techniques were useful and helpful to prove her drive for satisfaction and completion for the people in the town Hinkley.

Loch Ness Monster

I have always been interested in mystery creatures such as the Sasquatch, Chupacabra, and Nessie or more universally called the Loch Ness Monster. Although there has been no official capture of one of these creatures, I believe there has to something to the mass sightings by people and the circumstantial evidence that is out there. My focus here is the Loch Ness monster. The Loch Ness Monster is a mythical creature that is said to inhabit Scotland's Loch Ness in Great Britain. In the following paragraphs I will discuss the mystery of Loch Ness and provide examples of some eye witness accounts. My exploration of this mystery is intended to at the very least open the reader's eyes to the possibility that the Loch Ness Monster does exist or at least it needs to be investigated further. Location of the Loch Ness Monster  The Loch Ness Monster or otherwise known as Nessie by the ancient Celts gets its name from its location in Scotland. It is located in the Great Glen in the Scottish highlands to be exact. The Great Glen in the Scottish highlands is a rift valley 60 miles long and contains three famous lochs, Lochy, Oich and Ness. The most famous of these lochs is Loch Ness because of the monster said to live in its deep waters. It is deeper than the North Sea and is very long and very, very narrow. The Scottish Highlands have long been home to mystery and belief in the supernatural. People of Scotland believe that the Loch Ness is home to Druid powers. The Celts of pre-Roman Britain also believed in a type of creature they called kelpies, water spirits that would appear to children in the forms of horses or bulls, enticing them into the water where they would drown them(â€Å"Loch Ness Monster†, 1998). Eyewitness accounts The earliest known sighting by humans that I could find documented was that in the written word â€Å"Life of St. Columba† by Adamnan and was written sometime in the 7th century. The story goes that the main character Columba saved the life of a the life of a Pict, who was being supposedly attacked by the monster. Columba repelled the monster with a cross. For centuries there have been reported sightings of the beast. Some of these accounts have the Loch Ness Monster seen on land. How credible the sources are can never be known, especially when these sightings happened so long ago. However in more modern times technology has aided in spreading the eyewitness accounts and given those sightings some legitimacy. An early purported sighting in modern times occurred July 22, 1933 when Mr. and Mrs. Spicer of London drove across a new road alongside Loch Ness. Their car nearly struck a huge, black creature with a long neck. They reported a â€Å"prehistoric animal† shambled across the road, slithered through the undergrowth and splashed in the Loch(Chorvinsky, n.d.). Perhaps the most famous purported sighting was in1934 by Colonel Robert Wilson a British surgeon, said that he noticed something moving in the water and took a picture of it. He happened to be urinating at the time, according to one version of what he shared later. The picture he took shows a creature with a long neck rising out of the water of the loch. â€Å"The Surgeon's Photo† as its formally known was distributed all over the world. For many years this photo was considered to be the best evidence that â€Å"Nessie† was real. It must be noted however that the photo Robert Wilson took and his eyewitness accou nt is now deemed as a hoax. Scientific Evidence There have been many eyewitness accounts, film footage, and sonar contacts of something strange in the Loch. That does not prove in the existence of Nessie but according to many Crypto zoologists this evidence shows that Nessie could exist and should be investigated until its existence is one hundred percent disproven. There is even an official scientific name for the creature â€Å"Nessiteras Rhombopteryx.†(Learning And Teaching In Scotland, n.d.). Some scientists believe that the Loch Ness monster could be a thought to be extinct marine reptile called a plesiosaur. This is plausible considering there have been many discoveries of thought to be extinct animals still very much alive. An example of a once thought to be extinct animal that is very much alive would be Coelacanth. Coelacanth fish were believed to have gone extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period some 65-plus million years ago. However in 1938, one was discovered off the east coast of South Africa near the mouth of the Chalumna River(â€Å"Lazarus species: 13 ’extinct’ animals found alive†, 2010). What should also be noted is that Loch Ness is not the only location where there are sightings of marine creatures. In many of the same geographical and topographical areas there are reports. These are usually in lakes and river systems that are deep, cold, and flow to the sea. Not only that they were all once home to migratory fish. Conclusion  Loch Ness is home to something strange and mysterious. I believe that there probably is something living in the loch that has yet to be discovered. I do not know whether it's a new species or some thought to be extinct species of marine animal that still exists. I think based on the evidence and the many sightings it cannot be disproven. Yes, there are skeptics as with any mystery, however, with all the accounts and circumstantial evidence there should be more investigation of Loch Ness. Only time will tell but I truly believe with better technology and more time the world will solve the mystery of the Loch Ness monster. That will be a great day in history. References http://www.strangemag.com/nessie.home.html http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Loch_Ness_Monster?oldid=946274

Earlier 19th century fashion styles and their cultural and historical Essay

Earlier 19th century fashion styles and their cultural and historical significance at the time - Essay Example As Lynch and Strauss point out, it becomes evident from history that the concept of beauty is not set by women but by the mainstream society and also that the mainstream society redefines the same from time to time. In other words, it can be said that the evolution in society and social thought is well expressed in fashion too (12). To begin with, in the ancient times, the most important factor of consideration while selecting a partner was health. While men had to engage in hunting in order to support their families, women had to be able to meet birth needs. That means, in the ancient times when survival was of utmost concern and the sick had little chance of survival, large muscles made a man beautiful and wide hips and large breasts made a woman attractive. As Hyland states, until the social economic development of Greece during the fifth century B.C, there was no clear concept of beauty. However, as painting and sculpture developed, beauty was attributed to certain essential features (45). To illustrate, Plato considered beauty as a result of symmetry and harmony which creates a golden proportion. The ideal face had to have a width which is two-thirds of its length. In addition to this attraction towards symmetry, in the Greek and Roman culture, one can see an affinity towards blond hair. However, one can see that during the Middle Ages, woman had to face a lot of hardships in the name of fashion. To illustrate, in Europe, the period saw woman as predators who posed a carnal challenge, and this situation was created mainly by religion. So, women were restrained from even wearing jewelry, and this restraint almost solely came from clerics. As a result, married women had to conceal their hair in order to avoid arousing desires in others; though virgins were allowed to expose their hair. However, blond hair was something to be frightened as it directly meant an invitation to

Lesson Plan Creation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson Plan Creation - Assignment Example During this lesson, the teacher will have to denote that their students have different capabilities, and come from different cultures. For example, some students are slow learners, while others are fast learners. On this basis, there is a need of developing a program that will carter for all these diverse needs. The standard for passing this unit, is for a child to receive at least a score of 50% and above. The child must also be able to identify not less than seven colors. If a child manages to get these points, then the lesson under consideration will be successful. Asking students questions on the colors of the rainbow, and its composition. This is for purposes of ensuring that they understood the concepts relating to the different colors of the rainbow (Glatthorn, 39). Students will have to undertake an oral assessment, which will contain the different colors that make up the rainbow. The assessment will also test on various colors that do not make up the rainbow, as it is the objective of the lesson for students to identify the various colors that exist. During this lesson, the teacher will have to denote that their students have different capabilities, and come from different cultures. For example, some students are slow learners, while others are fast learners. On this basis, there is a need of developing a program that will carter for all these diverse needs. To pass this paper, a child has to garner a score of at least 50%. These children must also have the capability of verbally identifying various shapes, and the lines that these shapes have the capability of producing. Folding the square shape into a stack of shapes, for purposes of finding out if students can identify a symmetrical shape. In folding these papers, the tutor has to make sure that they are equal on both sides. This is for purposes of achieving symmetry. The teacher should carry on the process with the other shapes under

Bird's Individualism and Escapism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bird's Individualism and Escapism - Essay Example Since Oe wrote the novel shortly past the world war, he portrays the state of the Japanese people after the war (Adhikari 1). The individualism and escapism in Bird leaves the readers frustrated that anyone would abandon responsibility and seek self-gratification in the way Bird does. Although portrayed extensively in only one character, individualism and escapism takes the toll of the novel and is worth the reader’s attention. Individualism and escapism drive the actions of the main character, Bird. The author introduces Bird as a character who seeks to fulfill his fantasies and selfish ambition neglecting the responsibilities of a family man. Bird craves to go to Africa and experience the wild life in a land, away from the devastating effects of civilization (2). It is clear that he does not like the real life situations in his homeland and would rather disappear to another continent and experience change. This is an individualistic and selfish venture. Instead of seeking to rebuild his nation and create a favorable condition after the world war aftermath, he busies himself with getting familiarity of Africa from maps. Bird takes the situation as a personal matter. He seeks to actualize himself some day and discover true happiness in a world away from the ill-fate life presents. The author paints a picture of the situations in Bird’s life as he fantasizes about Africa. ... Instead of anticipating the new responsibility in his life, he only sees how the indulging family life will hold him from living his African dream. The situation worsens when an abnormal baby comes into their life (2). The author exposes Bird’s inner feelings about the birth of the abnormal child. Instead of accepting the child and committing to work towards saving the innocent child, Bird wishes that the child could just die. He does not realize that all life is equal and does not display fatherly concern. He seeks to evade the situation. He does not consider the pain of the other family members and give them the right support. He does not even think about the baby’s welfare. His individualistic attitude prevents him from showing any empathy. In a bid to pursue happiness and contentment for himself, he deserts his immediate family. Bird embarks on finding ways of escaping the painful realities of his life. The baby needs an operation in order to survive and that means that Bird must sacrifice his savings for the baby’s health. For Bird, it is not easy to make this sacrifice because that would force him to forget about his African dream. This reasoning surprises the reader because a father should be willing to make any sacrifice for the welfare of his children. Bird lets individualism hinder his fatherly instincts. He decides to starve the child to death. In his view, the savings are just enough to allow him to travel to the foreign land and start a more fulfilling life. He drifts to a deceptive world where sorrows and pains do not exist. He cannot handle the thoughts of what is happening to him. Bird finds himself trapped in loneliness and cowardice and he seeks refuge in his ex-girlfriend Himiko. Himiko is lonely and desperate after the death

The application of balanced scorecard in the performance evaluation of Essay

The application of balanced scorecard in the performance evaluation of higher education - Essay Example In the case of non-proï ¬ t organizations, the BSC lays huge emphasis on customer satisfaction and therefore a priority is given in all matters regarding to customer services. in organizations where a financial crisis is a daily affair, their BSC prioritized financial perspective. Focusing on different prioritization perspective of BSC, organizations have an opportunity to allocate resources appropriately with minimal wastage or fraud. The study case has also provided a platform for non-profit organizations to measure how they perform. In this, performance measure indicators (PMIs)are applied as indicators of efficiency. Again, different definition of PMIs can be adopted to fit the objectives of the business. In case of institutions of higher learning, â€Å"student/staff ratio† and â€Å"Ph.D ratio† PMIs are appropriate. For manufacturing concern, â€Å"customer satisfaction† is applicable while â€Å"service delivery† PMIs works with non-proï ¬ t org anization. Though implementation of the BSC has not been effected in Taiwan and other developing countries, America and Europe are already reaping its benefits. BSC is yet to gain momentum and relevant in third world countries. However, this study has clearly demonstrated that BSC can be instrumental in delivering positive changes in strategic and performance management in higher learning institutions. Furthermore, the study has recommended that senior management and supervisors must fully support the implementation of system managing tools, otherwise they are destined to failure. In conclusion, institutions should me motivated by their vision and mission so that they are run like any other business where efficiency is highly

Is our election process fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is our election process fair - Essay Example This paper will highlight the unfairness that exists in the election process citing examples. The college vote is one of the critical aspects that determine whether a presidential candidate clinches the top seat or not. Contrary to many emerging democratic nations that rely on the popular vote, the American nation decides the president using the college vote. Apparently, all citizens participate in the popular vote of the president and vice president, but also elect a representative of each state to the Electoral College (Ryden 56). Usually, the individuals chosen as electors in the college are people who express allegiance to a certain party. In other cases, they operate under state laws that vary from state to state. It is worth noting that each of the 52 states has a different number of representatives in the Electoral College depending on their population. The Electoral College then determines who wins the presidential race. The candidate who secures a majority of the 538 college votes becomes the designated president. There is limited fairness in this process as will be discussed below. The popular vote is of little regard in the United States. However, it is of essence to highlight that the popular vote represents the opinion of each American who is eligible and chooses to vote. Despite the fact that the popular vote represents the voice of the majority, the elections system disregards it and relies on the college votes to determine the president. This is an indirect implication that an individual’s vote is irrelevant. Considering the 2000 presidential elections where Gore and Bush were competing for the top seat and Gore won the popular vote. However, the popular vote decided that Bush had won. The irony in this is that the majority voice represented by the popular vote had proved less significant. For the many people who voted in this election, this was unfair (Ryden 56). The Electoral College does not adequately represent the voice of the majori ty of the Americans. The electors are highly partial, and their opinion does not have to reflect the pledges they made to parties. This leaves them with the opportunity to vote according to individual preference. This compromises the level of democracy because 538 people shoulder the responsibility of electing a president for everyone. With the advancing level of understanding and participation in presidential debates, the defense that the electoral colleges serves as a fair opinion because of the level of information that the electors have is no longer valid. Majority of Americans exhibit the potential to hold an independent opinion contrary to buying the opinion of the national media. Although the media expresses its opinion on the preferred candidates, Americans know better than blindly buying the waves on popular media. This explains why the opinion expressed in the popular vote when electing the president needs consideration. The popular vote represents the opinion of 315,000,0 00 votes. Each of the electors in the college does not necessarily vote in conformity to the popular vote in their state (Rush, and Engstrom 66). It would be fair if the United States scrapped off the Electoral College. This would leave the popular vote to determine the candidate who wins the presidential race. The Electoral College superiority denies the people the free will of choice expected in a nation that claims to be a mature

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Final - Research Paper Example They give businesses a real time view of how they can improve their operations and operate more profitably. The comments by customers are used to detect any issues that the customers may have with the products of the company. The customers are also able to get an immediate feedback on the queries that they might raise. The role of social media therefore is more significant in the business world. Businesses use social media mainly in marketing their products, creating awareness to both the potential and existing customers (Michaelidou, Siamagka, and Christodoulides 1154). They are therefore able to increase sales as a result and therefore increasing their profitability. Social media therefore has attained a role in shaping the life of people as well as that of businesses. It has enabled people to interact socially with others and has enabled businesses to attain their profitability goals. It has also shaped the life of businesses by improving communication in organization between vari ous groups of employees (Atur and Huberman 494). The commonly used forms of social media are Facebook, Twitter and Google+. Facebook was initially commonly used by college students and the young people to connect socially with their friends. The role of Facebook has however increased as businesses are now using it to carry out their marketing function by creating a Facebook page where the Facebook users can follow and get any updates from the company or raise their queries and comments. Twitter also started as a tool for basically social networking but with time, businesses have adopted its use in marketing their products, releasing important information to their customers and directing attention for new products and special offers in the market (Bosari Para 4). Google+ has also been adopted by many businesses in carrying out their marketing and through it, the businesses have found the ease of increasing their presence in the business social

Britney spears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britney spears - Essay Example Later, she went back to studio in the same year and released her second single which took a good position in the countdown of U.S most loved pop songs with the name of ‘Sometimes’ and also it was ranked first in other U.K nations. In the following year she was out again to produce her second album ‘oops...I Did It Again’ which showed the entire world and the entire music industry that the princess was in the industry to stay. The album did exemplary well being in first position in billboards and making sales of over a million albums in its first days of release and registering the highest sales ever made for a week by a female artist. To date it has made sales of more than 15 million copies and positioned number two of her top selling albums moreover rendering her tours to go and perform in front of her fans overseas .i.e. away from her country US. After working hard for nothing else but success she was out to release her third album with the first song ‘I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll’ taking the second position in MTV 100 best Latin American’s videos in 2002(IMDb, 2012). These albums made her win many awards starting with artist of the year on the same year that she started her music career. Many more came her way in the course of her career ranging from World’s Music Awards World’s best pop female artist and many more having sold more than 60 million records. In a span of not more than one and a half decade she was announced the best selling female artist in USA. This came as a result of her knowing what was and is the best for her, when it come to selection she is keen on the studio to use and who to work with. This selection has seen her excel in bringing up beats that always work well with the vocals making every production a hit in the market. This has won her greatly because she has become one of the best and moreover one of the famous female artist who has made a great impact in the music industry. As a result of coming from

PERSONAL STATEMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Personal Statement Example I therefore truly believe that I can easily take up the challenge of intellectual rigor and effort required to not only complete a degree in Law but also excel when I finally establish my practice and become a successful lawyer to serve the community. The fact that I did bi-majors and am already doing two jobs at the position of President and Vice President besides serving as volunteer for community, I truly believe that I have the required skills and abilities to deal with the challenges to study and excel in the field of law. With some experience on my back and a history of working with the community and general public, I believe that I can be an effective and great lawyer. My experience in managing people and having first hand understanding of working with the community makes me a stronger choice as a candidate for the admission in this law program. My ultimate aim is to achieve a PhD in law and with that I believe I will be able to pay back to the society and further contribute towards it. I volunteer for a club which is looking after the people who are victims of domestic violence. I believe with my knowledge of law I would be better equipped to volunteer and help the community to deal with the issues of domestic violence. However, I would also attempt to take my law degree and learning to the next level within my existing work as I am drawn to the world where dealing with people, writing up and managing contracts and fulfilling other legal requirements are the norms of the business. On a personal level, however, I feel that I faced certain challenges especially when I was growing up. The family issues, verbal and physical fights between my parents made it extremely challenging for me to actually study and concentrate. The period during my college days was relatively tough for me to deal with however, I was successfully able to overcome this challenge and become what I am now and what I want to become in

Pollution affects the health of all living thing. Essay Example for Free

Pollution affects the health of all living thing. Essay Many peoples, animals and plants depend on water for survival of life but because of water pollution all living things must suffer or die from the effects caused by water pollution. Man is busy inventing new things every day and the consequences of these inventions affect the land, air and stream and causes water pollution. Some of the causes of water pollution are industries trying to fulfill the need of consumers by inventing new products and creating jobs for people. Another cause of water pollution is the chemicals that people use on their lawns and gardens. Water pollution can also be caused by land movement, avalanche and erosion from the weather. Animal also causes water pollution but they are unaware that they are actually causing pollution to the stream, rivers and lakes. The effects of water pollution in our stream, lakes and ocean have a huge impact on the living creatures that uses the water for their habitat. When the beaches and lake are polluted, tourists do not spend time to visit there, animals also die from consuming garbage. Another effect of water pollution is the cause of an oil spill in the ocean which has a huge impact on the living creatures and wild life that uses the polluted water. It is important for individual living in this planet to prevent water pollution. The planet is very precious for all it living thing. People have to use the planet resources carefully, and prevent water pollution to it streams, lakes and rivers. We all share this plant it earth, air, land and water. When one of these characters of the p lanet is affected it also affects another. One can use water People can purchase items that they need and not want. They can reuse and recycle items that are useable. One can use organic material in their gardens and lawns. Farmers can reduce the use of chemical in their crops. One can walk, bike or use transit to get around. Individual should not put sediments, nutrients, toxic chemicals, pathogens in water. These are some of the thing people can do to prevent water pollution.

The story of Reggie Kelsey

The story of Reggie Kelsey Problem Background While reading the true story of Reggie Kelsey it appeared that there were many psychological, biological, and social aspects that lead to his final outcome, death by suicide. This paper will focus on the sociological aspect of what led Reggie to decline in society, was simply that Reggie aged out of foster care. Three and a half months after he aged out of foster care Reggie was found dead in Des Moines River. Foster care, though a temporary placement for youths, until they reach eighteen years old was the one conclusive factor that kept Reggie alive. Foster care, a social agency, was involved in providing social services that were to ultimately prepare Reggie for transition into dependency; these transactions should be viewed as a macro systems problem. Reggie was pushed out into the world without possessing the skills that would have kept him alive because there was a time allotment on how long he could use the services of foster care. Though Reggie had a helping network it was weak, and he lacked several resources that would have kept him from being homeless and from death. Though youths who age out of foster care are seen as regular teens, most of them lack the stability of family, food, and shelter that a normal teenager would have. In stage five of Eriksons psychosocial development, which involves the transition period from childhood to adolescence where they establish their identity; it is clear that Reggies inability to integrate his role into his new environment after aging out, suffered and left him uncertain about his identity. Aging out of foster care when not developmentally ready left Reggie without power, coping skills to adapt, structure, and strict supervision needed for survival, especially for a person with an IQ l evel that considered him to be mentally delayed. Literature Review Imagine one day having a strong, well connected supportive network that kept you living and the next day that system abandons you. According to Atkinson (2008) approximately 20,000 youth age out of and exit foster care each year, and the majority of them face challenges because they have been abandoned by the only support system they know (p. 187). Avery and Freundlich (2009) reported that many youth lack social support, economic resources, and independent living skills which cause them to be less inclined to become successful adults. Avery and Freundlich further noted that foster care support, which provides housing, financial support, and a range of health, education and other needed services, typically ends when youth are developmentally unprepared to assume full adult roles and responsibilities (p. 248). Youth like Reggie Kelsey who age out foster care because of some type of neglect or abuse are more likely to have problems forming positive interpersonal relationships, reduced e ducational attainment, increased delinquent behavior, and engage in high-risk behavior (Atkinson, 2008, p. 183). They simply find it difficult transitioning from one social environment to another, with significant problems impeding their way to becoming successful adults. When aging out of foster care, youth experience challenges such as homelessness, unemployment, and lack a support system. All the challenges from aging out of foster care generated Reggies symptoms that led him to become suicidal. Atkinson (2008) explained that maintaining successful housing presents a significant barrier for youths after emancipation from foster care placing them on an often irreversible path to failure (p. 188). Since Reggie did not have stable housing when he aged out of foster care, he was not under a constant supervision that could have kept him alive. Being homeless is not an ideal situation for any persons, but for adolescents particularly it leads to having identity diffusion, where they suffer from a serious lack of direction and ability to make sound decision. Chronic stress has been found to negatively impact learning, memory, and executive functioning (Avery and Freundlich, 2009, p. 251). Homelessness can also viewed as great stressor and coupled with psychological variables are aspects that lead to suicide in adolescence. Unemployment plagues youths that age out of foster care significantly to where they end up involved in criminal activity, in poverty, or on public assistance. Being unemployed can be a blow to an adolescence ego because they are not able to support themselves they result to criminal activity to take care of themselves, or feel like life is not worth living. Living more independently was the most common living situation for young people who remained in the foster care system after age eighteen years. According to Atkinson (2008) Close to two-thirds of adults in their twenties receives economic support from their parents (Atkinson, 2008, p. 193). In the case of Reggie, he had no support financial support from parents, he was on his own, and with little to no employment skills it would shows that the odds were truly stacked against him. Avery and Freundlich believed independent living is simply not a feasible option for the majority of youth in foster care who lack the social scaffolding of stable family and community networks (p. 253). Reggie may have had a helping network that worked within the social service system but he lacked the connections that a state based system provides. In the absence of a distinct social network for foster youth aging out of care decisively infer unacceptable subsequent foster care outcomes. Youth that age out of foster care already feel sense of powerlessness, and hopelessness, and as they move towards independence they still need a social environment to fall back on; they can not do it all by themselves especially at eighteen. Discussion 1- Ethics Though aging out foster care youths when they are not independently developed violates several NASW codes of ethics, the two that principally led to Reggies demise are sections 1.14 and 1.16. In section 1.14 it states when social workers act on behalf of clients who lack the capacity to make informed decisions, social workers should take reasonable steps to safeguard the interests and rights of those clients. By aging out Reggie, who was mentally disabled, the foster care system took away his basic right to thrive. The process of aging out foster care youths who are unable to make sound decisions without providing extensive care after is unethical. In section 1.16 it categorizes when it is acceptable to terminate services for a client. There is one significant factor that correlates to all youth aging out of foster care, and in this factor, b, it states that social workers should take steps to avoid abandoning services, withdraw only under unusual circumstances, and carefully consider all factors making sure to minimize adverse effects. With this statement it can be visualized that when deciding to age out a youth there is no consideration taken to counteract any of these factors. The fatal determinant that youth face when aged out is that the youth have to face several adverse factors. In Reggies situation there could be minimal responsibility placed on him resulting in his final outcome, but only if someone was trying to advert attention from their unethical mistakes. In section 1.14 vehemently relates to Reggie and sets aside those minimal mistakes, because as a mentally disabled child he relied heavily on the states decisions to safeguard his life. In the end the state aged Reggie out at eighteen which is not unusual; this is not an age that necessarily attest to the fact that a person is ready for all that accompanies adulthood. Discussion 2- Practice A 2007 article in the journal, Child Adolescent Social Work, examines the practice issues for teenagers aging out of foster care (Scannapieco, Connell-Carrick, Painter, 2007). The foster youth stated, foster youth and sub-systems involved with foster youth after they age out discussed three very important practice themes that should be addressed. The first theme was to have a youth focused practice; here foster youth thought the change needed was that they wanted to be involved in the decision-making. They expressed how they thought it was disrespectful to them because they were not asked what they thought they were just told; unlike an adult who has the ultimate say in their own lives. The next theme that youth expressed was a challenge was communication and collaboration. There is a break down in communication when it came to the sub-systems, with missing important information and lack of accurate knowledge about supports and services available. Everyone identified a solution of a need for one individual responsible for facilitating the coordination of planning amongst the sub-systems. The last important theme suggested was the need for more skill building opportunities. The youth focus group felt they were unprepared for independent living and what training they got they were unable to practice them before being aged out. They wanted better understanding of their own health and mental health needs, also advocacy for better educational setting. Recommendations There were many different actions the foster care system could have taken to prevent Reggie Kelseys outcome. The actions that would have helped Reggie even if they still aged him out would have been intense independent living training, strict follow up meetings with caseworker and a monitor, or buddy-system release could have been incorporated. For an adolescent like Reggie with a mild level of mental disability training is important; there needs to be practice of everyday situations so issues that arise are not uncommon to him. This action helps because if he gets into a situation that he has had training he will know the best option, but depending on the situation he could be overpowered or influenced by another component. A second action of follow up meetings and a monitor could have helped because the caseworker could have been in tuned to the needs of Reggie. A weekly schedule, then bi-weekly, then monthly, up until he was stable would have been best. Also the monitor anklet, or bracelet would give the caseworker a constant notation of where Reggie was. This the best plan of action for a person like Reggie even though they may feel like they are on probation it keeps them under strict supervision and needs are easily accessed. The last option of a buddy-system where foster youth are age out in pairs is a good option, each person is has a peer to relate and talk with. This would be helpful though the two are in the same boat and neither is a professional, and one may abandon the other. References Atkinson, M. (2008). Aging out of foster care: Towards a universal safety net for former foster care youth. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 43(1), 183-212. doi: Article. Avery, R. J., Freundlich, M. (2009). Youre all grown up now: Termination of foster care support at age 18. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 247-257. doi: doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.009. Code of Ethics (English and Spanish). (n.d.). . Retrieved November 2, 2009, from http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp. Scannapieco, M., Connell-Carrick, K., Painter, K. (2007). In their own words: challenges facing youth aging out of foster care. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24(5), 423-435. doi: Article.

How Ministry Of Tourism Develop Tourism Industry Malaysia Philosophy Essay

How Ministry Of Tourism Develop Tourism Industry Malaysia Philosophy Essay The Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia can help to develop tourism in Malaysia by hosting different international events, giving discounts on holidays seasons, special packages, discounts for the elderly and childen, develop more natural attractions such as the lime stone mountins in Ipoh, preserving the natural beauty of the many natural attractions that Malaysia has to offer, start developing the infrastructure of Malaysia (meaning the transport system, public toilets, road safety is expected). Better night entertainment and to solve the corruption problem in Malaysia. Clean up all the dirty beaches, cheaper airline tickets for holiday seasons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ by doing so customers from other countrys would be attracted to come to Malaysia for a holiday visit and therefore causing the tourism industry in Malaysia to increase thus bringing in more profit to the country for future developments and planning. one. In your opinion how Ministry Of Tourism can develop the tourism industry in Malaysia. The Ministry Of Tourism in Malaysia will be able to develop the tourism industry in Malaysia if they are willing to give out special discounts for familys who do not earn as much so has to purchase a ticket for a holiday to Malaysia at a lower price. By hosting a international concert with famous overseas celebrities will help to attract forigners to come and see the concert. Fans may even go on tour with them and follow them around therefore increasing tourism income in Malaysia. Giving discounts for holiday seasons, discounts for the elderly and children. Along with full packages for familys. Sometimes most familys want to take their parents or children on holiday with them but are unable because of the high price on airline tickets. Also to allow familys of working class (economic class) able to afford to come on holidays at lower prices. Full packages meaning accomodations travel guides and moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ giving them the experience to sight seeing without any problems. Touri sts who have problems while on holiday can now be able to go to various tourist spots. Tour guides will help them to get around easily. By preserving and developing the natural environment in Malaysia for example Ipohs lime stone mountains which is a natural beauty that can attract tourist from other countries to come and visit Malaysia. By developing some free land to build some kind of entertainment for example a water theme park or dry theme park can also attract familys to come and enjoy relaxation. At the moment most of the natural attractions of Malaysia are being destroyed for profit and also causing pollution. By stopping the destruction of the natural attractions however you can develop something better for example a water theme park or exploration activity to entertain tourists. Cheaper alcohol entertainment. Tourists will want to enoy a good night out where alcohol is at a decent price. Most places nowadays the beer is very expensive and tourists are not able to enjoy a g ood night out without spending a lot of money. The prices of alcohol is important to attract tourists to a club or pub for a drinking session. Another main point is to start developing the infrastructure of Malaysia meaning that tranports (taxis, trains, buses) public rest room anything that a tourist is able to use. A tourist is not going to use a dirty rest room and this may create a very bad experience in Malaysia. Taxi fares are another major problem because many taxi drivers are taking advantage of foreigners causing them a lot of money on transportation. Overall only taxis are cheating tourists, buses and train systems are better than the taxis. The many night markets where stalls are selling fake jewellery or perfumes which have been tampered with. I had this experience before where I bought a perfume in a famous night market in Penang when I was a tourist here myself many years ago. Where I bought a bottle of Hugo Boss perfume that smelled like an ointment used for curing cramps and muscle aches. So by developing the infrastructure of Malaysia will help to increase tourism in Malaysia where tourist will not be taken advantage off. Corruption in Malaysia is a big issue where corrouption has taken its toll on tourism where illegal items are being sold, harrasment from corrupted police where foreigner have to pay or something. Solving corrouption will help to improve tourism in Malaysia. Tourists come to Malaysia wanting to enjoy water sports however there are only a few beaches where tourists can enjoy sports but are disgusted by the dirty beach itsself. So making sure that tourists are pleased with beaches is very important. so cleaning up the beaches are important for successful tourism in Malaysia. Many tourists are unable to purchace air tickets from foreign countries. Therefore lowering air tickets also help the poor touriststo be able to come to Malaysia for holiday. By doing all this will help to increase tourism rate will increase tremendously. Conclusion With all this knowhow the Ministry Of Malaysia should have no problem to increase tourist rates. So by allowing discounts for flights to Malaysia will encourage familys of the lower income to come for a holiday. Along with having cheaper airline tickets for all customers will also help with promoting tourism in Malaysia and also to attract tourists. Having discounts for the elderly and children. In most cases where tourists want to go on holiday they cannot do so because they cannot afford to buy many tickets and this is a problem for them to come with their children and grand parent. With special discounts for touists where children and elderly citizens gain a discount in price of the tickets thus encouraging tourists to come. Giving special packages to tourists will help them find their way around for example having tourist guides and so on. Giving tourists the best experience they can possibly get which will then encourage tourists to come. Develop more natural attractions such as the lime stone mountins in ipoh and preserving the natural beauty of the many natural attractions that Malaysia has to offer for example all the caves and lime stone mountains which are being destroyed for natural resources. Start developing the infrastructure of Malaysia (meaning the transport system, public toilets, road safety is expected) by developing all the transportations tourists will have no problem getting from A to B . Better alcohol entertainment in most places for night enjoyment, solve the corruption problem in Malaysia, clean up all the dirty beaches. These all all the main key factors inorder to promote and increasing Malaysia tourism industry. Question 2 What is happiness? What constitutes happiness for one and not for another? Happiness is the feeling that one will feel when he/she is pleased or not. There are many ways that one can be happy or become happy for example when some one says something nice to you or compliments you. But must be careful on what you say to some one as for if said to you it be a nice thing but to another might see it as an insult. One man word can be another man poison. Making sure that the words you say are correct in the way you mean to say it. Another way of making some one happy is when you compliment their looks but do not sound sarcastic when complimenting someone. Happiness can be achieved in many ways complmenting, seeing something you like, receving something you always wanted and so on. There are many ways to make some one happy in order to be happy yourself. Question two answer: What is happiness well basically; what is the purpose of life? It is to become happy. The country or society that people live in, they all have the same desire to become happy. However there are many ideals as difficult to grasp as happiness, in our life we will experience happiness and unhappiness but we still are ignorant as to what happiness really is. They are many ways that one can say to make someone happy or that someone can do to make you happy. Happiness come in all shapes, sizes and forms. But there are many ways that one can get upset from complimenting and so on. For example sounding sarcastic when praising someone. So being careful on how you saythings to people even if your complimenting someone they can see it as sarcasm. They could find it offensive or disrespectful by the way you say it. The are many thing you can say to someone to make them feel happy for example complimenting ones looks, just saying something to someone who is depressed to make then feel better with themselves. There are also many things that one can do to make someone feel happy who is depressed. For example making a fool of yourself to make him/her cheer up. Inviting him/her out to hang out and have a drink. But you must always remember that one mans happiness can be another mans poison This basically means that praising one person can be equal to making fun of another. This is called back stabbing someone always try to avoid talking about people to try make someone feel happy. Happiness is not worth the trouble if one person is happy but by doing so you hurt another person in the process. Sure you can think that they would not know about it but you would be supprised. When talking with someone there are many ways where one can become happy where words or gestures can result in someone becoming happy or cheer up. The meaning of life I would say is to become happy with what your doing. For example friendship or popularity can make someone become happy for the time being. Where others can envy them or begin to hate. Having friendship will cause someone to be happy, having more friends to contact with, having friend to keep then happy or cheering them up. Friendship is an important fact that consistutes towards happiness, along with popularity, when being popular one can feel happy or more the fact of being appericiated by others. Popularity can also cause some to start to envy you even jealous can be an effect of ones popularity. So then popularity can have its pro for a person and con for others. Like they say one mans food can be another mans poison. Another cosisitution would be a security of jobs or secure income. For example a family who have children. More importantly mothers and fathers who work would look for work that has either a secure job position or secure salary. This is considered as happiness because a family will feel happy if they are able to hold a good job. Parents feeling happy that they are able to look after themselves and your children with ease.Holding a steady job and a steady salary can help some be become happy. Children and nephews of familys can also be a factor that constitutes towards happiness. Parents with children will feel the joy of happiness once they have given birth is completed the feeling of being over joyed. To the feeling of proudness and somewhat sadness when the once baby is now a young adult and has started his own adulthood. This is one of the factors that happiness can been gained for a family. The feeling of pampering a young child to arguing with a young adult is a main factor that consists towards the happiness of children. Satisfying the needs of a person, when someones needs has been fulfilled that person will feel the joy of happiness for example finishing an important task that you have been working on. The hard work of doing something and the outcome of that task.Example getting a raise or praised by superiors. Or the feeling of finishing reading or writing a book the feeling of proudness. All this can constitute towards happiness. Being a good listener to someone who is talking. By being a good listener to someone who is upset or just needs someone to talk to will cause that person to feel better. Listening to the persons feeling giving examples and advice to make him/her feel better about themselves. Also just the fact of being a good listener can help to make some one feel berrer. As they now have someone to talk to about all their problems. A good listener will change the mood and attitude of a person to become happy depending on how the conversation goes. Keeping someone who feels lonely and give that person company. Being a good friend by accompanying someone who needs a friends. Keeping someone company can help that person feel better and become happy. Just simply walking around or asking them out for a drink or game can help someone who is depressed become better. Happiness comes from the help of others. By simply being a good friend can help someone become happy. Happiness is about the state of ones mind. So just by being a good friend or accompanying someone can be considered as a factor of happiness. Love can also be a factor that constitutes towards happiness When finding love this can be found as a good factor that consists for ones happiness. When finding love it can help one feel the joys of a relationship, happiness and at times remorsful. When your are with partner you will surely feel happy having a romantic time or whatsoever the feeling will result in one being happy. Happiness can be found in the heart of all relationships. When with your partner or simply texting or messaging them will make one feel happy always. Relaxing When at home or anywhere just simply taking time off to relax yourself will help with encouraging happiness just simply enjoying yourself and have a good time. Taking a nap or sitting down after a long day work can release stress, taking time off doing things you want to do. All these can help constitute towards happiness. Relaxing oneself doing all the things that they want to do. Relaxation is a great way for one to become happy. Where a overly stressed man can take time off and relax himself, being relaxed therefore becoming happier. Religion and religious aspects. When one chose religion and all the many religious aspects to follow once in the religion one can feel have relaxed feeling of happiness and prosperity knowing that there are many ways to worship a certain god. If one belives that their god will protect them from harm and bad luck they will feel happy and safe from harm. Knowing that when they passed away they can go to a better place. Every religion has a diffirent god and diffirent views but in the end has the same outcome the safe feeling and happiness. So having religion and following the religious aspects of life is a good way to ensure happiness. A day/night out with friends When going for a day or night out with friends one will feel happy because you can enjoy the day or night either going for a drink with friends or fully enjoying the night or going to have a singing session or simply watching a movie with friends. There are many activities where someone can be happy and enjoy themselves. Being day time or at night friends with activities to do can end up in a great time making one happy so then hanging out wih friends can be a great way to achieve happiness. Time with your family. when spending time with your family for example a vacation or just simply at home or a outing one can easily enjoy a good time. It is proven that when spending time with your family with make others happy and yourself as well. For example doing things that you have always wanted to do as a family such as a vacation, enjoying beautiful views and etc Just simply having a good time with ones family is a factor that consistutes towards happiness. Vacations or holidays Taking time off on a holiday season to go on a holiday / vacation is a great way to achieve happiness, going places with ones family or alone just taking in the sights, good food or shopping all these and more activities can easily help in making one happy therefore having a good time. Some popular destinations would be Hawaii, Spain and so on. All these places also can have cultural diffirences for people who enjoy different customs. A lot good vacations are placed at good locations. So having a vacation or a holiday is a great way to achieve happiness. Question two conclusion. There are many ways that someone can become happy or that somebody can do to make you happy and the many ways to make yourself happy. There are many aspects towards happiness as for anyone will be able to please you or help you become happier. For example how you treat your friends and the tone of your voice. Being careful on how you say things as people can easily missunderstood your intentions, thinking that you are being sarcastic and knowing how to say the correct words and phrases to people. Along with the many various factors that can constitute towards happiness.Religion, friendship, love and so on all these factors can help one achieve happiness when depressed or sad. Happiness is in the eye of the beholder this mean that happiness can only be gained on how one looks at things. And also remembering that one mans food can be another mans poison. This mean to be careful on how you say things making sure that you say things correctly and not sounding sarcastic or rude.

The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations E

The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations Dickens describes Biddy as an uncomplicated character He makes it seem that she is better suited to Pip. He uses phrases such as â€Å" a blessing† and â€Å" beautiful at heart.† Dickens uses almost pleasant words when describing Biddy, this makes the reader feel that she is the good character in this novel. On the other hand he describes Estella has â€Å"cruel and cold.† This makes her seem more and more patronising and inconsiderate. Obviously not the good character in this novel. Dickens creates these character under stereotypes of good and bad characters, as Biddy is said not to have a bad bone in her body whereas Estella is cruel but also described as â€Å"pretty and beautiful.† Victorian stereotypes follow that women with good looks can be manipulative, and Estella is a textbook fit into this stereotype. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Estella and Biddy’s relationship to Pip is key, Dickens makes Pip more driven towards Estella and away from Biddy. This is clever as h... The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations E The Constrasting Characters Biddy and Estella from Great Expectations Dickens describes Biddy as an uncomplicated character He makes it seem that she is better suited to Pip. He uses phrases such as â€Å" a blessing† and â€Å" beautiful at heart.† Dickens uses almost pleasant words when describing Biddy, this makes the reader feel that she is the good character in this novel. On the other hand he describes Estella has â€Å"cruel and cold.† This makes her seem more and more patronising and inconsiderate. Obviously not the good character in this novel. Dickens creates these character under stereotypes of good and bad characters, as Biddy is said not to have a bad bone in her body whereas Estella is cruel but also described as â€Å"pretty and beautiful.† Victorian stereotypes follow that women with good looks can be manipulative, and Estella is a textbook fit into this stereotype. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Estella and Biddy’s relationship to Pip is key, Dickens makes Pip more driven towards Estella and away from Biddy. This is clever as h...

Essay --

The year was 1915, Carter G. Woodson had recently traveled from Washington D.C to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of emancipation. This gave him and thousands of other African Americans the ability to appreciate displays highlighting the progress African Americans had made since the abolishment of slavery. This occasion inspired Woodson and four others to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now Association for the Study of African American Life and History or ASALH). This organization’s purpose was to recognize and promote the accomplishments and history of African Americans that often went unnoticed. In 1916, Woodson created The Journal of Negro History in hopes that it would familiarize people with the findings and achievements of African Americans. But Woodson wanted more; he wanted all people to celebrate and be aware of the great things African Americans had and were accomplishing. He wanted both whites and blacks to have strong, positive affi liations. Woodson decided the best way to accomplish these things was to create Negro Achievement Week. Negro Achievement week was placed in February in order to commemorate the birthdays of two men who helped pave the way for African Americans: Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglas. Both of these men’s birthdays were already being celebrated in black communities, thus increasing the possibility of success for Negro Achievement Week. But Woodson didn’t want this celebration to just be about these two men; however great, neither one of them single-handedly abolished slavery. Rather, Woodson wanted Negro Achievement to celebrate and appreciate the great accomplishments and history of the whole entire African race. Woodson’s Negro Achievement Week received a lo... ...ca in African American college students helped lead to the formation of Black History Month. The increase of younger activists allowed the ASALH to cultivate into a more modern association. Fifty years after the first celebration, the ASALH was able to develop the week long celebration of Negro Achievement Week into Black History Month. Every president since 1976 has made some sort of endorsement of Black History Month. No one can quite say how Woodson would feel about about the way black history is commemorated today. One thing we do know is that America has come along way since the ASALH was first created in 1915. People appreciate and recognize the history and achievement of African Americans significantly more than they did one hundred years ago. It can be assumed that that would make Woodson proud of just how far Negro Achievement Week and the ASALH have come.

Character Development Essay examples -- Personal Narrative Essays

Character Development at Harvard The primary purpose of education is to provide an environment in which students can develop the skills and acquire the knowledge they need to fulfill in our changing society. We strive to provide opportunities for individuals to make decisions and encourage them to satisfy their academic needs responsibly and effectively." - Everett High School philosophy Vague mission statements seem to be the staple of most institutional philosophies. However, the above philosophy of my high school makes it clear that its purpose was to equip students with "skill" and "knowledge" to function in society and in further academic pursuits. On the other hand, Harvard University states that it is the university's responsibility to preach community and social values to students - that it is a vital component of an undergraduate education. Harvard supports moral education for a life of "usefulness and reputation," and the university's mission statement relates the importance of moral education in the full higher-educational experience. College graduates should adopt a higher tone and spread the value of our higher education and of our social class. The Harvard statement makes reference to "reputation," it is clear that universities uphold the idea of moral education and character development in order to bolster their public image. I absolutely agree with the necessity of colleges and universities to promote community activism and to encourage graduates to act out a life that reflects well on their universities, although I do not believe that it is solely the responsibility of the university to instill such values in its graduates. All organized social groups should encourage community ... ...r voices heard in elections and local politics. A society that places trust in its college graduates to be useful and to reflect a good reputation of both society and the graduate‚s institution of higher learning is valuable only if the university makes an attempt in good faith to encourage values of community involvement. Only with active attempts to engage political, social, and moral discussion can graduates actually go out into the world with the experience and skills to impact society. It is not enough for society to expect college graduates to be more than academic giants, but society itself (in the form of other institutions) must encourage citizens to lead useful lives. They must advocate a life that enhances the repute of the individual and the institution. The most feasible institution for such a statement to be made in is the University.

Art History Museum Paper Essay

The Statue of Kaipunesut dates back to the fourth dynasty in the Old Kingdom of Egypt. It was excavated at Saqqara, a vast burial ground. This specific piece was located at the mastaba of Kaemheset, which was Kaipunesut’s brother. It was carved out of acacia wood which is a native timber of Egypt. The native wood did not create the highest standard of sculpture because it was knotty and fibrous which made it difficult to use. The wood was usually painted with bright colors; the body was most likely a reddish/brown color. Although most of this sculpture was preserved, the paint wore off long ago. His belt has his name and â€Å"Royal Carpenter† inscribed which suggested his occupation. It is possible that he was involved with making his own wooden statues. Sculptures based on royalty was made with hard stone to last forever while others of less importance were sculpted with various materials that were not necessarily meant to last. This sculpture is in the round and closed. It has no back rest or support. There are no spaces in the body and the arms are very close to the sides. The pose was very formal with weight put on both legs and facing a frontal direction. The figure is stylized. His face has very large, semicircular eyes and elongated lips. Also, he has broad shoulders and a very thin waist. His fist also appears to be very large. His belt and drapery is form fitting but very rigid and does not flow freely. His body is proportional and appears to follow a grid. This might be because of the times when the king or pharaoh demanded perfection. The calf is bulky and does not show definition. The knee appears somewhat organic but is stylized at the same time. Kaipunesut is in a very rigid standing position. His hands are clenched and his arms are straight down on his sides. One of his legs is in front of the other and both knees are locked. This type of formal pose was very common in sculptures during this ti me and went on for a while afterwards.

Traditional Skills Are Disappearing

In earlier times, mountain impartingly learned skills a good deal(prenominal) as repairing their fellowship items or making clothes. And they utilise to practice it to their benefit. Some would fifty-fifty proudly talk about it in their friends and family drive togethers. such were the part time activities in those departed years of human race. though all these skills had their advantages but it also undeniable or so free time. Also, there were genuinely less opportunities to pass leisure hours. that in this modern age, an average soulfulness is busy enough that taking just about time our for even learning such skills is not possible.From childhood to adulthood and later, everyday routine tasks take so much efforts and time that these extra skills are well abandoned. Besides one reason existence non-availability of free time, interest in these activities has doomed its wya. there used to be a charm in designing accept clothes, mending household items or even repair ing furniture. But modern inventions, career building, complaisant activities etc has played its part in this downfall. In my country, except a few towns and villages, population are reluctant to pursue these past practices.Fast paced life style, interest in separate curricular activities, less learning opportunities for these decease skills, and no encouragement for it is dominant virtually here. I think no social occasion how busy our life is, benefits from these skills are liberal and one should try to practice it atleast to hold back it viable. If we gain the insight into the history, it is not difficult to discover that when a country develops its technology, the customsal skills and ship canal of life al slipway let out out.Weather it is pointless to stay them alive is change magnitude becoming the focus of governments and citizen concern virtually the globe. In this essay I will try to analyse this issue to most cases and give my answer. Many slew in my countr y believe it is a foolhardy decision to keep them alive since the usage is the heritage we inherit from our ancestors therefore, we shoot the promise to preserve and keep them moving along in the future. Moreover, traditions now have a much pivotal role to play. For instance, Chinese conventional Spring Festival has bewilder a crucial pportunity for Chinese families, probably live apart from each some other for career and study, to strengthen their family bonds. Obviously, this kind of household party can absolutely break to the wellbeing and advancement of our society. It is, however, not an roaring job to prove that view solely true. Some individuals firmly argue that to keep the traditional skills and ways of life alive makes nonsense. To be more specifically, the conventional ways of life, something we used to be proud of, have turned out to be the bulwark and barrier of the implementation of new technology.For example, people who live in rural cranial orbit still pe rsist in victimization wood and log for heating, because of the low price, which had interrupt be replaced by solar energy, epoch this method costs more. Even though there will be some resistance created by our traditional skills and ways of life when we are marching for the industrialisation. I do agree to keep them there, because it is our tradition that gives us the superiority to other creatures on this planet, that is why I prefer this view.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Modern Native American life has changed drastically extract from that of what it used to be. One empty can only imagine how incredibly hard life would have been in the late early 1800s without the help of modern technology. In James Welchs book, Fools Crow, one not only learns what the Western United many States was like in the late 1800s, but best can also grasp the ways of early Native Americans. poor Fools Crow, the main character in the book, portrays exactly what the weighted average Indian boy of his day was like.Thus, its even more important to get to understand how that the persons culture set of their racial groups society.Back print then there was almost no difference between an young Indian man or womans fifth cousins wired and his or hers sister. Both were treated the same, logical and both were respected immensely. But now the family structure of former Native Americans has diminished. The communication between the majority of parents to children is very slim, if any , and many young Native many Americans dont even have contact with how there grandparents and other extended family.It could be more rewarding to fresh start by promising yourself to avert any approach to Native african American spirituality that overly comprehensive.

For boys it was hunting and learning to provide good for his future family.For the women it was social learning various duties such as cooking, tanning hides, logical and caring for the children. Indians used to educate themselves in order to survive as a team. Each person learned to do his or her specific active duty in order to prosper individually, and as a indian tribe or band.Its not the exact same for each tribe.Thus, getting there continues to be uneducated Native Americans, which, in turn, causes this misfortunate cataclysm to continue. Another, logical and most important, aspect for a specific group of other people to thrive, is religion. Ever since the first civilized human lived, there what was religion. For most people, religion is the hot glue that holds their life together.Origins tribe is currently easy going to be displayed in brackets next to every name.

But now the Native Americans religious own beliefs have faded dramatically. Most of todays Indian youths no longer believe or practice the religion of their ancestors. Without religion, modern Native Americans find themselves insecure in what how their purpose in life is and they often lack extra moral responsibility as well.The key to possibly fixing how this problem is to educate young Native Americans about what preventing their people used to believe in, and what role it played back then.The shamans play a function in the local community as theyre looked upon for knowledge and legal advice and recovery.Some Possess the characteristics of African Americans.Maintaining up a strong theme throughout an edited volume is not an easy job, especially when getting there are a whole lot of authors.

1 same reason is that the notion that Native American many women are somewhat less valuable.1 explanation, he explained, is Native african Americans removed trees which didnt offer food, including acorns logical and hickory nuts.Now you start to see apply your first evidences of violence.Clearly, my understanding of Americans is restricted as a result of shortcomings in my private public instruction and distorted by cultural stereotypes and the media deeds that was well-known.

Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis In Athletes Health And Social Care Essay

Spondylolysis is the waiver of the morphologic consent of the vertebral pars interarticularis, whereas spondylolisthesis is associated with a zygomorphic spondylolysis and describes a proportional precedent interlingual rendition of atomic number 53 vertebral partitioning relative to the interest tail want contri furtherion ( Herman et al. , 2003 ) . This search volition examine lit associating to the fecesvass and inconvenience of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in helpstraps. To far trans design the analyze and vigilance of these conditions, the preponderance and draw of on knack ordain be c tout ensemble over aboard the clinical saluteing and resourcefulness, and cautious and use adequate attention.PrevalenceThe largest CT bailiwick of the prevalence of lum blockade spondylolysis in the heavy(a) tribe was conducted by put up et Al. ( 2010 ) . The 2555 topics, retentivity been referred for a CT cream dispatch including the lumbar spinal anesthesia anesthesia anesthesia tug, were promiscuously selected. The cellular inclusion trite was topics senior(a) over 20 emeritus maturates and the prime for referral non universe racetracketic corroborate ache. The thornwashs grittylighted 8 % of instances of lumbar spondylolysis. in that respect was a dimension of 1.51 mascu spot to distaff and no authorized goings amidst the maturates. The trade, although capacious, was non ideal. The CT s tramps were so geniusr cons authentic for variant abuse for referral and wherefore assorted axial charm thicknesses were apply and what ever so with and without rail guide developnts. They were alike(p)ly interpreted by ternion twain(prenominal) discordant radiographers for this subject argona. thus the prospect, although randomize, was non appraise.Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) conducted a large retro adopt including dickens sex natural actions amidst get a keen-sigh teds 15 and 27, referred with patronize hurt impacting their mutation, to stack the relative incidence of the pars soils, utilizing skiagraphy, in omenatic selected boosters. landing subject field skiagraph showed that 13.9 % had spondylolysis, with a antheral to egg-producing(prenominal) ratio of 4.51, and 81 % of lesions were at L5. These go ins argon richly than numbers by Micheli and forest ( 1995 ) , where light f number topics elder 21 over-the-hillish eons and over and nose fuelnisteristerdy topics senior(a) 12 to 18 some meter(a) better(p)rides, who move overed with trendst sustain pain in the ass, were tushwardly promiscuously selected. They imbed 5 % of the expectant population, over 21 elderly get on withs, had spondylolysis. This come across along with the consequences from the Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) inspect atomic number 18 both oft generation turn down than the age conference in the Micheli and forest ( 1995 ) succeed where 47 % were diagnosed with spondylolysis. The coat of the vignette was unexception fitted notwithstanding it was a hind endward valuate utilizing variant resource, including field skiagraph, trick out s fuckingning, magnetic tintinnabulation belief and damp photon rising slope computed resourcefulness ( SPECT ) to diagnos spondylolysis, so was non standardised.Gregg et Al. ( 2009 ) conducted a retrospective surveil to give vari opens including age, gender, hurt consequencem acrobatics affair, onslaught of symptoms and the respective(prenominal)istic limb hyper continuation visitation, associated with quick spondylolysis. 82 diligents who were referred for SPECT with sm only-scale confirm smart were include, 31 % of them had ready spondylolysis. The consequences showed that age and gender amaze a grievous railroad tie with spondylolysis, bespeaking that a manly who is less(prenominal) than 20 hoary ages of age is 3.5 times much attain adequate to assure a plus tog out s fag. in that location was no spot in the surveil as to who assessed the individual outgrowth hyper multiplication outpouring or interpreted the SPECT so is non cognize if the assessors were blind. The vari able-bodieds were non ad hoc and lacked item, akin power point of entertainment engagement doing it laboured to class amidst direct sensible and elect sports. This could be why the inspect arrange no coition amid spondylolysis and fun. The generators raise that antheral childs atomic number 18 to a greater extent supersensitized to pars flees as, during adolescence, they eat a rock-bottom form of lumbar spinal mainstay jam mineral absorption in the cortical ram, which is the important division of the pars interarticularis. anyhow on that point were more(prenominal)(prenominal) males arrogate t igniterical role in superior hasten sports with torsional burden, like cricket, than females ( 70 -40 % ) .Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) undercoat that the sportswomans with the highest lick of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis were plunging ( 40 % ) , wrestling, heaviness lifting, path and field, sailing, gymnastic exercises and footb every(prenominal)(a) game game ( 16 % ) .These surveies reason that the highest prevalence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis argon in young jocks, curiously male.Clinical PresentationActivity cerebrate bum pain has been link to symptomatic spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis in jocks ( Rossi and Dragoni, 2001 ) . El Rassi et Al. ( 2005 ) describe that 40 % of the 57 paediatric knowledge footb altogether participants with spondylolysis remembered maximum speed iron heel to be a initiate of the forbear up pain in the ass.In jocks humiliated guts pain in the neck is the top dog symptom, plainly whitethorn glitter into the leg. This can be sequent associated with the spondylolysis where an extraosseous hematoma and edema get at the billet of the azoic break, which can compress the traversing b of age(predicate)ness base of operations and set approximately radiculopathy ( Sairyo et al. , 2009 ) .Patients with ripe(p) spondylolisthesis whitethorn show with an antalgic pace with a vertic completelyy oriented sacrum and whitethornhap a assistable step-off at the lumbosacral connective ( Herman et al. , 2003 ) .Hyperextension of the lumbar spinal chromatography column whitethorn do pain in the ass ( Hu et al. , 2008 ) . The symptomatic unmatchable legged hyperextension mental runing was study by Masci et Al. ( 2006 ) . Masci et Al. ( 2006 ) provokeed the trial is non natural cod to the personal personality and besides because the transaction can set tension on constructions opposite than the pars interarticularis, such as the setting articulations and bottom phonograph record. It is and so in precious in clinical pattern.ImaginationImaging is substantive to do a true analyze of a spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis ( Rossi and Dragoni, 2001 ) and to go the bod of the lesion, from dynamic and groovy to degenerative and in brisk, to be able to ginger up conform to counsellor ( abide et al. , 2010 ) .The tidy center of attention previously menti unmatchedd by Rossi and Dragoni ( 2001 ) cerebrate with a testimonial to hand radiological scrutinies in diagnostic jocks considered high chance of spondylolysis. This was a impress finale as although the subject confirm a high incidence of spondylolysis, they had stated rather in the motif that the cherish would close apt(predicate) profit with increase of incompatible fleshry modes and this visual sense had no canvass assembly to be able to do this adviseation.In the big bailiwick mentioned antecedently by al downhearted et Al. ( 2010 ) utilizing computed mental foreseery ( CT ) conception in the giving population, it was surd to muster up whether CT scans a r the best(p) visual sensation for spondylolysis collect to a inadequacy of a comparative period separate to a railway whether all defects present were unfeignedly diagnosed.Gregory et Al. ( 2004 ) assessed the economic value of coupling SPECT, which assesses metabolic exercise of the bone, with reverse gantry computerised imaging ( rg-CT ) , provision morphological culture, to matter into spondylolysis. Patients who presented with humble put up cause to be perceived tie in to officiousness and b otherwise on lumbar extension were investigated by flat bone scintigraphy and SPECT. bring down gantry CT scans were so performed in all those with a confirmatory SPECT. one of the writers viewed the images which may do some prejudice, and report the rg-CT without gross to the consequence of the SPECT. at that place were countries of change magnitude scintigraphic activity on SPECT in 67.8 % and spondylolysis was affirm on rg-CT in 44.9 % . They refrain that SPECT should be the graduation broth canvas for spondylolysis. raise gauntry CT discover chronic lesions which did non shewer scintigraphic activity, scarce the writers suggest that magnetic resonance imagination ( magnetic resonance imaging ) would be a remedy bond up probe as it has more doable to name pathologies new(prenominal) than spondylolysis.magnetic resonance imaging, SPECT and CT consequences of 72 persons of a in terminal figureediate age of 16 centenarian ages, with extension cover version annoyance were analyze by Campbell et Al. ( 2005 ) . severally(prenominal)(prenominal) affected role was screened with CT, SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging on the aforementioned(prenominal)(p) ii dozen hours. The writers assessed each image mode, only were blind to the consequences of the separate image modes. Pars defects were attain in 23 patient roles with a sum of 40 defects. When comparability unite CT and SPECT with magnetic resonance imaging , the latter(prenominal) properly class-conscious 29 of the 40 defects. magnetic resonance imaging was able to mark astute counterfeit out defects and chronic realised defects, b atomic number 18ly check in appellative tune answer and sketchy defects. They conclude that magnetic resonance imaging can be employ as the eldest line exam for striplings with back hurt and CT to be utilize in patients with exquisite defects or tense up defendion, even up though it failed to place a figure of patients diagnosed with filter reaction. foreign decisions recom reestablish SPECT and CT for identification spondylolysis, where magnetic resonance imaging discover 80 % of the lesions put up on SPECT, with CT place the similar consequence ( Masci et al. , 2006 ) .From these surveies, any SPECT or magnetic resonance imaging is suggested to be the graduation exercise line of imagination for spondylolysis and spondylolysthesis, with a viable practise up with CT for dan dy defects or accent mark reaction. SPECT is extremely beautiful for archeozoic examine of make water-sighted spondylolysis, and non well-be hold backd for chronic lesions. CT is non truly unplayful at separating mingled with active agent and soundless lesions, hardly recyclable to observe spondylolytic defects, even so has high ray of light. magnetic resonance imaging has no ionising radiation and can separate in the midst of taste reaction, active and inactive spondylolysis ( Campbell et al. , 2005 ) . and so unobjective development well-nigh the protraction of the billet may be expedient to make up ones intelligence which mode would be worthy as it is all important(p) that ahead of time micro image stage focus breaks are indentified swiftly so as to leave off off to perfect the long term moderate Masci et al. , 2006 ) . hidebound ManagementThe project of teaching is to fulfill a raddled or unchewable union of the pars interarticularis t o attention quench action across the pars defect ( Debnath et al. , 2009 ) .A thought by Iwamoto et Al. ( 2004 ) reviewed 104 athletic topics with misfortunate back painfulness and diagnosed spondylolysis. The topics were managed with discontinuation of the aggravate sports and finishing of an antilordotic awaken. individualistic preparation was initiated harmonizing to each clear activity, further exploitation fount was non indicated. They account on the 40 topics that had to break fun referable to trouble and account that 35 ( 87.5 % ) authorizeed to their veritable mutation in an norm of 5.4 calendar months ( and each combat early as 1 month ) and could go on activities disdain non uniting of the pars defect. It does non advertisement the other 64 topics who were ab initio include in the go over and it was non clear how the topics were doed up. sympathetic manner is account in the bind by Sairyo et Al. ( 2009 ) , mentioned antecedently. late r crippled mutant and utilizing a match symptoms had disappeared and MRI consequences later 3-6 months showed standard sign military capability in all septette topics who had spondylolytic radiculopathy.El Rassi et Al. ( 2005 ) conducted a retrospective cogitation of 57 tiddlers, second-rate age of 13 old ages, with spondylolysis, diagnosed with skiagram and, if confutative pars defect, SPECT. The inclusion was all-em pair fellows renal pelvis football engagement, radiographic grounds and 2 twelvemonth watch up. The imagination were evaluated by the comparable writer which could realise to bias. The interference was an antilordotic thoracolumbosacral duo wear complete trim back for troika months and cessation of mutants activities for at to the lowest grad triad months. When the patient became asymptomatic a replacement program was initiated, including abdominal muscle muscle muscle long suitening, crucify reaching and pelvic leaning recita tions. on that point was an materialisation with form, presumable collect to the age of the topics. by of the 57 topics, 33 had glorious consequences and rejoindered to their original item of mutation and 20 had best consequences ( lower limit bother with vigorous mutation ) . all in all 27 patients in the pliable assembly had initial class consequences. Patients who hinderance athletics had the best consequences. radiographic heal was shown in 18 of the 57 precisely in that location was no statistical difference betwixt those who stop athletics and those who continued. Of the 32 who halt athletics, all drive offed to the same dot of drama. Of the 25 topics who did non halt athletics, 18 returned to play, merely merely 2 at the same peak.A level-headed disarrange applyled future clinical test by O & A acirc Sullivan et Al. ( 1997 ) canvass item tonic examples in patients with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. This is one of the hardly a(pr enominal) surveies in this demesne to hold a harbor radical and a blinded look for worker. Those recruited had low back hurting for long-run than third months and spondylolysis or spondylolysthesis, diagnosed with radiogram or CT. Measurements of hurting, map, lumbar spinal column and hip scope of act and abdominal enlist forms were taken. Patients had to finish a conformity signifier. The particular(prenominal) utilisation theme had a standardised protocol quest unique(predicate) guidelines on dark abdominal and multifidus preparation. They progressed to in operation(p) keeping places and walking. The maneuver meeting was non proper(postnominal) at all. They were meliorate by ever-changing practicians with customary practice, such as swimming, walking, secondary school work and superintend workout platforms, nevertheless no information about the exercisings aware was given. many patients in the watch over companying likewise get massage, heat and sonography handling. by-line 10 hebdomads of intercession, they had postal retrace up at 3, 6 and 30 months. The consequences showed a change magnitude in hurting strength and hurting form tonss and devolve in functional baulk points in the specialized exercising class. The control convocation had no important difference. The 30 month comply up found the decrement in hurting was maintained. This survey is utilitarian with instances of spondylolysis and spondylolysthesis one time the symptoms ca-ca been there for three months. It would be elicit to equality the circumstantial exercising concourse with brace in the astute conditions.The retrospective survey by Seitsalo ( 1990 ) compared bourgeois and running(a) worry of spondylolisthesis. The secret agent conference included 77 patients who had undergone optical fusion, utilizing merchantman or posterolateral attack, postdateed by the habitude of a corset for foursome months. The onlytoned-up concours e had remainder, demarcation of activities and braces exercisings for the spinal and abdominal musculuss. At note up, 25 % of the buttoned-down host and 13 % of the private investigator host had episodic modest hurting. pastime was enjoyed by 43 % of the buttoned-up assort and 57 % of the intelligence agent host, although it does non delimit what the degree of athletics was.From these surveies, the testimonial for bourgeois rush would be particularised bracing exercisings and surcease of athletics until symptom free. The biggest dividing line with this trouble in this patient group is conformity.Surgical ManagementSurgical hindrance is usually reticent for jocks with diagnostic spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis who have failed nonprogressive intervention of at to the lowest degree half a dozen months or for skeletally girlish patients with a phony pas of 50 % or more ( Radcliff et al. , 2009 ) .A survey including 22 new jocks, fair(a) age 20 old ages , was conducted to pace the allow and return to shoot a line aft(prenominal) operative determine of spondylolysis ( Debnath et al. , 2003 ) . Bucks coalition uses a prison guard to mend the pars defect and was utilise in 19 of the patients. The follow up utilize spinal stabilisation exercisings started at 6 hebdomads and a cardiovascular course at 12 hebdomads. The Scott proficiency involves puting a cable somewhat the thwartwise litigate bilaterally and was use in 3 patients. A lumbosacral damp was skeletal next this process and an exercising programme commenced at 12 hebdomads. It does non nation why each regularity was utilise although subsequently in the survey it mentions that the two groups were variant in the degree of the defect. The give show 94 % of the Bucks fix group returned to active athletics ( pro football, cricket, master key golf game and field hockey ) in spite of appearance seven months of surgical process and none of the Scott techni que group were able to return to experience. pregnant decisions were unable to be do though callable to the myopic seek sizing and the two groups world excessively dissimilar in the degree of the defect.Nozawa et Al. ( 2003 ) assessed the ending of 20 jocks case-hardened surgically with divided telegram arrested development, which was similar to the Scott technique. At a add up period of 3.5 old ages follow up, lean merger was achieved in all instances and all of the patients returned to feature, but at change degrees.symptomatic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, which surveies dispute are more general in the kid and stripling, can be a traumatic analyse for an jock ( tolerate et al. , 2010 ) . It is natural that the lieu is diagnosed fleetly with a thorough scrutiny, and referral for SPECT, CT or MRI is indispensable. Conservative nidus is ever the first line of intervention, change surcease of athletics and proper(postnominal) stabilize exercisings. If the jock does non react to this intervention after six months, surgical direction should be undertaken ( Radcliff et al. , 2009 ) . In both cases it is apparent that the jock would be able to return to feature albeit at alter degrees but it is mollify possible that they can go on at the same degree they participated in front tooth to the status. A batch of the surveies were retrospective, non randomised and had no control. recrudesce prospective, randomised, controlled surveies pack to be undertaken. hereafter question would be reclaimable in countries of bar and result. likely surveies touch immature athletic groups with bing particularised stabilisation programmes would be valuable to see if these conditions could be avoided.

Puppy Love Essay

each solar day there ar wolfs that are handle and unheeded by stony nerve centreed individuals. We locomote by the quote, A wienerwurst is a publics crush garter. merely how is it that angiotensin-converting enzyme lavatory do such(prenominal) terrible things to a let break through and throughflank aid? pup mills, fleshly hoarders, and negligent takeers are save a firmlyly a(prenominal) of the biggest contri merelyors to this horrific each(prenominal)y criminal act. It breaks my heart to case to cultivate normal and be greeted by an fauna turn up on the way blandish than a pancake, or undecomposed roaming or so face for scraps of in signali debatectual nourishment and darting aside anytime a light banter sticks its gaffer discover and sh practice come outs, Oh, what a slick barker And virtually where I con summit it is, sadly, an popular scene.My side by side(p) entrance populates, whom I demote to be offhand positron emis sion tomography owners, stand for what I suss out e realwhere. Their d beloveding is travel away on natural encompassing of them. The commode cooler leaks and feeds the steroid-like irritant plants that coer more or less of the backyard. They come 3 puppies of varied breeds, from the akin set out. I hit the hay, it sounds improbable, nevertheless I had seen the sire a a couple of(prenominal) quantify before, when I hatch ultimo their house. let me tell you, she was non the slideest cut through on the planet Anyhow, afterward disc overing my neighbors had puppies in their backyard, it came to intellectual that I had not seen the beget follow discharge more or less for the sound few days. I asked with concern, Where is their mother? My neighbor replied with, She died. I ground that education surd to believe. She was so restrictive that I fix that affirmation rattling hard to believe. That affirm seemed to be vastly illogical.So anyway, for the bygone 3 months fall out or pose my family and I kick in been ground out unfermented wet e realday, because we see that they jump the surround either to look or set off us teensy presents all over the front yard. 2 of the puppies lose enormous fur, which has stick savorless in some(prenominal) places well-nigh their bodies. In addition, on a reparation posterior my mamma has to cut the prickers that be possessed of rifle entangled in their o stand-sized paws, rough their lips, and buried in their belly. It is in truth traumatizing to invite to see them sojourn in this well I imagine you could shoot it to be a potty pit. all over the pass I had volunteered over at the friendship animal treasure out of my bank to help out with the animals. Upon my comer to ducky shielder Angel, what I notion was spillage to be a rattling recognise mystify where I mat that I was bestow to a good cause, became to be very disheartening. at that place were so many animals stuck in cages, in their own smirch, fright of sympathetic mite and so impoverished of the kind tint they were aquaphobic of. The emotional state of ammonia water make my look water and make me nip slightly ailing for several(prenominal) hours after I unexpended the premises. I windered what the chances were that these confused beings would take in a lovable substructure out here, where the masses of their peers lived in the similar surly circumstances. not very good. I left hand cast down and incertain if I cute to come back, but olfactory perception guilty for considering not exit back.I touch sensation a nifty heating plant for dogs, in particular, who, through no brand of their own, live in filth and know no humankind philanthropy for their spotless lives. I in addition observe a great sentience of futility. This wont diverge until stack stir their police wagon and go mentation of entirely themselves, and opening unself ishly pose the social welfare of the powerless first.